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Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe
Clive Finlayson1,2, Francisco Giles Pacheco3, Joaquín Rodríguez-Vidal4, Darren A. Fa1, José María Gutierrez López5, Antonio Santiago Pérez3, Geraldine Finlayson1, Ethel Allue6, Javier Baena Preysler7, Isabel Cáceres6, José S. Carrión8, Yolanda Fernández Jalvo9, Christopher P. Gleed-Owen10, Francisco J. Jimenez Espejo11, Pilar López12, José Antonio López Sáez13, José Antonio Riquelme Cantal14, Antonio Sánchez Marco9, Francisco Giles Guzman15, Kimberly Brown16, Noemí Fuentes8, Claire A. Valarino1, Antonio Villalpando15, Christopher B. Stringer17, Francisca Martinez Ruiz11 and Tatsuhiko Sakamoto18
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The late survival of archaic hominin populations and their long contemporaneity with modern humans is now clear for southeast Asia1. In Europe the extinction of the Neanderthals, firmly associated with Mousterian technology, has received much attention, and evidence of their survival after 35 kyr bp has recently been put in doubt2. Here we present data, based on a high-resolution record of human occupation from Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, that establish the survival of a population of Neanderthals to 28 kyr bp. These Neanderthals survived in the southernmost point of Europe, within a particular physiographic context, and are the last currently recorded anywhere. Our results show that the Neanderthals survived in isolated refuges well after the arrival of modern humans in Europe.
Nature advance online publication 13 September 2006